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파인만 물리
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파인만 강의 II
mainly electromagnetism and matter
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Chapter 1. Electromagnetism
1-1
Electrical forces
1-2
Electric and magnetic fields
1-3
Characteristics of vector fields
1-4
The laws of electromagnetism
1-5
What are the fields?
1-6
Electromagnetism in science and technology
▶
Chapter 2.
Differential Calculus of Vector Fields
2-1
Understanding physics
2-2
Scalar and vector fields—
T
and
h
2-3
Derivatives of fields—the gradient
2-4
The operator
∇
2-5
Operations with
∇
2-6
The differential equation of heat flow
2-7
Second derivatives of vector fields
2-8
Pitfalls
▶
Chapter 3. Vector Integral Calculus
3-1
Vector integrals; the line integral of
∇
ψ
3-2
The flux of a vector field
3-3
The flux from a cube; Gauss’ theorem
3-4
Heat conduction; the diffusion equation
3-5
The circulation of a vector field
3-6
The circulation around a square; Stokes’ theorem
3-7
Curl-free and divergence-free fields
3-8
Summary
▶
Chapter 4. Electrostatics
4-1
Statics
4-2
Coulomb’s law; superposition
4-3
Electric potential
4-4
E
= −
∇
φ
4-5
The flux of
E
4-6
Gauss’ law; the divergence of
E
4-7
Field of a sphere of charge
4-8
Field lines; equipotential surfaces
▶
Chapter 5. Application of Gauss’ Law
5-1
Electrostatics is Gauss’ law plus . . .
5-2
Equilibrium in an electrostatic field
5-3
Equilibrium with conductors
5-4
Stability of atoms
5-5
The field of a line charge
5-6
A sheet of charge; two sheets
5-7
A sphere of charge; a spherical shell
5-8
Is the field of a point charge exactly 1/
r
2
?
5-9
The fields of a conductor
5-10
The field in a cavity of a conductor
▶
Chapter 6. The Electric Field in Various Circumstances
6-1
Equations of the electrostatic potential
6-2
The electric dipole
6-3
Remarks on vector equations
6-4
The dipole potential as a gradient
6-5
The dipole approximation for an arbitrary distribution
6-6
The fields of charged conductors
6-7
The method of images
6-8
A point charge near a conducting plane
6-9
A point charge near a conducting sphere
6-10
Condensers; parallel plates
6-11
High-voltage breakdown
6-12
The field-emission microscope
▶
Chapter 7.
The Electric Field in Various Circumstances (Continued)
7-1
Methods for finding the electrostatic field
7-2
Two-dimensional fields; functions of the complex variable
7-3
Plasma oscillations
7-4
Colloidal particles in an electrolyte
7-5
The electrostatic field of a grid
▶
Chapter 8. Electrostatic Energy
8-1
The electrostatic energy of charges. A uniform sphere
8-2
The energy of a condenser. Forces on charged conductors
8-3
The electrostatic energy of an ionic crystal
8-4
Electrostatic energy in nuclei
8-5
Energy in the electrostatic field
8-6
The energy of a point charge
▶
Chapter 9. Electricity in the Atmosphere
9-1
The electric potential gradient of the atmosphere
9-2
Electric currents in the atmosphere
9-3
Origin of the atmospheric currents
9-4
Thunderstorms
9-5
The mechanism of charge separation
9-6
Lightning
▶
Chapter 10. Dielectrics
10-1
The dielectric constant
10-2
The polarization vector
P
10-3
Polarization charges
10-4
The electrostatic equations with dielectrics
10-5
Fields and forces with dielectrics
▶
Chapter 11.
Inside Dielectrics
11-1
Molecular dipoles
11-2
Electronic polarization
11-3
Polar molecules; orientation polarization
11-4
Electric fields in cavities of a dielectric
11-5
The dielectric constant of liquids; the Clausius-Mossotti equation
11-6
Solid dielectrics
11-7
Ferroelectricity; BaTiO
3
▶
Chapter 12. Electrostatic Analogs
12-1
The same equations have the same solutions
12-2
The flow of heat; a point source near an infinite plane boundary
12-3
The stretched membrane
12-4
The diffusion of neutrons; a uniform spherical source in a homogeneous medium
12-5
Irrotational fluid flow; the flow past a sphere
12-6
Illumination; the uniform lighting of a plane
12-7
The “underlying unity” of nature
▶
Chapter 13. Magnetostatics
13-1
The magnetic field
13-2
Electric current; the conservation of charge
13-3
The magnetic force on a current
13-4
The magnetic field of steady currents; Ampère’s law
13-5
The magnetic field of a straight wire and of a solenoid; atomic currents
13-6
The relativity of magnetic and electric fields
13-7
The transformation of currents and charges
13-8
Superposition; the right-hand rule
▶
Chapter 14. The Magnetic Field in Various Situations
14-1
The vector potential
14-2
The vector potential of known currents
14-3
A straight wire
14-4
A long solenoid
14-5
The field of a small loop; the magnetic dipole
14-6
The vector potential of a circuit
14-7
The law of Biot and Savart
▶
Chapter 15. The Vector Potential
15-1
The forces on a current loop; energy of a dipole
15-2
Mechanical and electrical energies
15-3
The energy of steady currents
15-4
B
versus
A
15-5
The vector potential and quantum mechanics
15-6
What is true for statics is false for dynamics
▶
Chapter 16. Induced Currents
16-1
Motors and generators
16-2
Transformers and inductances
16-3
Forces on induced currents
16-4
Electrical technology
▶
Chapter 17. The Laws of Induction
17-1
The physics of induction
17-2
Exceptions to the “flux rule”
17-3
Particle acceleration by an induced electric field; the betatron
17-4
A paradox
17-5
Alternating-current generator
17-6
Mutual inductance
17-7
Self-inductance
17-8
Inductance and magnetic energy
▶
Chapter 18. The Maxwell Equations
18-1
Maxwell’s equations
18-2
How the new term works
18-3
All of classical physics
18-4
A travelling field
18-5
The speed of light
18-6
Solving Maxwell’s equations; the potentials and the wave equation
▶
Chapter 19. The Principle of Least Action
19-1
A special lecture—almost verbatim
19-2
A note added after the lecture
▶
Chapter 20. Solutions of Maxwell’s Equations in Free Space
20-1
Waves in free space; plane waves
20-2
Three-dimensional waves
20-3
Scientific imagination
20-4
Spherical waves
▶
Chapter 21. Solutions of Maxwell’s Equations with Currents and Charges
21-1
Light and electromagnetic waves
21-2
Spherical waves from a point source
21-3
The general solution of Maxwell’s equations
21-4
The fields of an oscillating dipole
21-5
The potentials of a moving charge; the general solution of Liénard and Wiechert
21-6
The potentials for a charge moving with constant velocity; the Lorentz formula
▶
Chapter 22.
AC Circuits
22-1
Impedances
22-2
Generators
22-3
Networks of ideal elements; Kirchhoff’s rules
22-4
Equivalent circuits
22-5
Energy
22-6
A ladder network
22-7
Filters
22-8
Other circuit elements
▶
Chapter 23. Cavity Resonators
23-1
Real circuit elements
23-2
A capacitor at high frequencies
23-3
A resonant cavity
23-4
Cavity modes
23-5
Cavities and resonant circuits
▶
Chapter 24.
Waveguides
24-1
The transmission line
24-2
The rectangular waveguide
24-3
The cutoff frequency
24-4
The speed of the guided waves
24-5
Observing guided waves
24-6
Waveguide plumbing
24-7
Waveguide modes
24-8
Another way of looking at the guided waves
▶
Chapter 25.
Electrodynamics in Relativistic Notation
25-1
Four-vectors
25-2
The scalar product
25-3
The four-dimensional gradient
25-4
Electrodynamics in four-dimensional notation
25-5
The four-potential of a moving charge
25-6
The invariance of the equations of electrodynamics
▶
Chapter 26.
Lorentz Transformations of the Fields
26-1
The four-potential of a moving charge
26-2
The fields of a point charge with a constant velocity
26-3
Relativistic transformation of the fields
26-4
The equations of motion in relativistic notation
▶
Chapter 27. Field Energy and Field Momentum
27-1
Local conservation
27-2
Energy conservation and electromagnetism
27-3
Energy density and energy flow in the electromagnetic field
27-4
The ambiguity of the field energy
27-5
Examples of energy flow
27-6
Field momentum
▶
Chapter 28. Electromagnetic Mass
28-1
The field energy of a point charge
28-2
The field momentum of a moving charge
28-3
Electromagnetic mass
28-4
The force of an electron on itself
28-5
Attempts to modify the Maxwell theory
28-6
The nuclear force field
▶
Chapter 29.
The Motion of Charges in Electric and Magnetic Fields
29-1
Motion in a uniform electric or magnetic field
29-2
Momentum analysis
29-3
An electrostatic lens
29-4
A magnetic lens
29-5
The electron microscope
29-6
Accelerator guide fields
29-7
Alternating-gradient focusing
29-8
Motion in crossed electric and magnetic fields
▶
Chapter 30. The Internal Geometry of Crystals
30-1
The internal geometry of crystals
30-2
Chemical bonds in crystals
30-3
The growth of crystals
30-4
Crystal lattices
30-5
Symmetries in two dimensions
30-6
Symmetries in three dimensions
30-7
The strength of metals
30-8
Dislocations and crystal growth
30-9
The Bragg-Nye crystal model
▶
Chapter 31.
Tensors
31-1
The tensor of polarizability
31-2
Transforming the tensor components
31-3
The energy ellipsoid
31-4
Other tensors; the tensor of inertia
31-5
The cross product
31-6
The tensor of stress
31-7
Tensors of higher rank
31-8
The four-tensor of electromagnetic momentum
▶
Chapter 32.
Refractive Index of Dense Materials
32-1
Polarization of matter
32-2
Maxwell’s equations in a dielectric
32-3
Waves in a dielectric
32-4
The complex index of refraction
32-5
The index of a mixture
32-6
Waves in metals
32-7
Low-frequency and high-frequency approximations; the skin depth and the plasma frequency
▶
Chapter 33.
Reflection from Surfaces
33-1
Reflection and refraction of light
33-2
Waves in dense materials
33-3
The boundary conditions
33-4
The reflected and transmitted waves
33-5
Reflection from metals
33-6
Total internal reflection
▶
Chapter 34. The Magnetism of Matter
34-1
Diamagnetism and paramagnetism
34-2
Magnetic moments and angular momentum
34-3
The precession of atomic magnets
34-4
Diamagnetism
34-5
Larmor’s theorem
34-6
Classical physics gives neither diamagnetism nor paramagnetism
34-7
Angular momentum in quantum mechanics
34-8
The magnetic energy of atoms
▶
Chapter 35. Paramagnetism and Magnetic Resonance
35-1
Quantized magnetic states
35-2
The Stern-Gerlach experiment
35-3
The Rabi molecular-beam method
35-4
The paramagnetism of bulk materials
35-5
Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization
35-6
Nuclear magnetic resonance
▶
Chapter 36. Ferromagnetism
36-1
Magnetization currents
36-2
The field
H
36-3
The magnetization curve
36-4
Iron-core inductances
36-5
Electromagnets
36-6
Spontaneous magnetization
▶
Chapter 37. Magnetic Materials
37-1
Understanding ferromagnetism
37-2
Thermodynamic properties
37-3
The hysteresis curve
37-4
Ferromagnetic materials
37-5
Extraordinary magnetic materials
▶
Chapter 38.
Elasticity
38-1
Hooke’s law
38-2
Uniform strains
38-3
The torsion bar; shear waves
38-4
The bent beam
38-5
Buckling
▶
Chapter 39.
Elastic Materials
39-1
The tensor of strain
39-2
The tensor of elasticity
39-3
The motions in an elastic body
39-4
Nonelastic behavior
39-5
Calculating the elastic constants
▶
Chapter 40. The Flow of Dry Water
40-1
Hydrostatics
40-2
The equations of motion
40-3
Steady flow—Bernoulli’s theorem
40-4
Circulation
40-5
Vortex lines
▶
Chapter 41. The Flow of Wet Water
41-1
Viscosity
41-2
Viscous flow
41-3
The Reynolds number
41-4
Flow past a circular cylinder
41-5
The limit of zero viscosity
41-6
Couette flow
▶
Chapter 42. Curved Space
42-1
Curved spaces with two dimensions
42-2
Curvature in three-dimensional space
42-3
Our space is curved
42-4
Geometry in space-time
42-5
Gravity and the principle of equivalence
42-6
The speed of clocks in a gravitational field
42-7
The curvature of space-time
42-8
Motion in curved space-time
42-9
Einstein’s theory of gravitation